Measurement of the coherence length of atomic two-photon radiation

We report a novel method of determining the coherence length of photons produced in the two-photon decay of metastable atomic deuterium by observing the depolarization of the photons in what is essentially a true single-photon interference experiment. In the Stirling source two photons propagating in the ±z directions are detected in coincidence. The degree of polarization of the radiation emerging from a multiwave plate placed on one side of the source as a function of the optical path difference 6 introduced by the multiwave plate between the orthogonally polarized components is determined by measuring the Stokes' parameters. The results confirm the dependence of the depolarizing effect of the multiwave plate on 6, agree with the quantum mechanical predictions and allow a measurement to be made of the coherence length of single photons of the two-photon pair. We also report the results t>f an experiment which, for the first time, demonstrates the action of an achromatic half-wave plate on the polarization state of the two-photon radiation emitted by atomic deuterium in the metastable 2Sv, state The results agree with the quantum mechanical predictions and confirm the hypothesis of Breit and Teller that the fine and hyperfine interaction play no role in the emission process

Effective Use of Social Science Textbooks: A Neglected Aspect of Education in Jammu and Kashmir

Textbooks are part of the curriculum found in today’s classrooms because they allegedly provide a framework for thinking about what will be tested and taught, to whom, when, and how. Textbooks are one of the most important educational inputs: texts reflect basic ideas about a national culture, and … are often a flashpoint of cultural struggle and controversy. They convey a global understanding of history and of the rules of society as well as norms of living with other people. Social science textbooks have traditionally been styled as a simple narration of facts. The idea that textbooks must provide a format which invites the active participation of students has rarely been put into practice. Instead, there has been a linear monologue, punctuated only to check whether or not students have dutifully accepted what was uttered. In the state of J&K, the quality of Social Science textbooks and classroom teaching has not risen to expectations. Too often there has been the lament that social sciences are dull and uninspiring. The most common complaint is that they are meant only for rote learning and cramming. The paper aims by offering recommendations on improving Social Sciences textbook usage in Jammu and Kashmir. Keywords: textbooks, perceptions, approaches, issues, teaching and training,

India’s New Foreign Policy Vision towards Bangladesh

Maintaining good relations with neighbours is the first priority for any country. India has close historical, religious, economic, ethnic and linguistic relationship with all neighbouring states. Moreover, India’s emergence as a regional power and a key global power depends largely on her image and standing in the South Asia neighbourhood.  India’s relations with its immediate neighbours have been a mixed bag. India’s relations with Bangladesh are multi-dimensional-ideological, cultural, ethnic, political and also economic. An extreme sense of distrust, insecurity and perceived domination by India has shaped Bangladesh’s foreign policy in recent years. In the light of the new political climate in Bangladesh (January 2014) and the forthcoming Parliament in India (May 2014).Who will bell the cat? It is expected that both the countries (India and Bangladesh) is looking forward to resolving some of the key bilateral contentions. Keywords: - South Asia, Indian Hegemony, India -Bangladesh relations, India’s Neighbourhood Foreign Policy

Service Oriented Smart Sustainable City Architecture

In present world development of a country is measured in terms of the communication technology infrastructure of that Country. Information communication technology(ICT) is not  limited to internet usage and mere interconnection of  connecting devices now .but has advanced deep into the major transaction  of our day-to-day operations almost in every aspect of  livelihood be it a health care, personnel, economic transaction, Industry, monitoring ,environment protection or automation process. This has given rise to apt number of concepts and disciplines in the field of ICT. The concept of smart city is one of the outcome of our endeavour to use ICT to its full. Smart cities, which will lead to smart nations and ultimately smart world is the discipline which needs due attention from the researchers, engineering and policy makers. Architecture of the Smart city forms the basis of this concept, which is yet to get the final standard. In this paper an Architecture is proposed which is generic and almost covers most of issues to achieve the goal of smart cities. Keywords: Smart sustainable city, Internet of Things (IOT), Security, Information Communication Technology (ICT

Scenario of Land Diversification to Words Apple Orchards in Jammu and Kashmir-India

In this paper an attempt has been made to understand the patterns and determinants of crop diversification in Jammu and Kashmir agriculture. The State is depended on subsistence farming without any positive response, but from last few decades a great change has taken place in the variety of crops like Apples. Its Cultivation is dominant occupation in the state, directly or indirectly supports about 81% of total population of the state, which shows the over dependence of the state on agriculture. The cropping pattern is influenced by Geographical, physical, technological and institutional factors like land reformation, consolidation of holdings and credit facilities, price structure, procurement policies and storage facilities. The study revealed that the crop sector of Jammu and Kashmir agriculture at an aggregate level is gradually diversifying in favor of high-value crops like Apples. Keywords: Agriculture, Diversification,  Apples, Dependency

Diagnostic accuracy of hysterosalpingography and laparoscopy in tubal patency

Background: There is no doubt that health care providers face a great deal of challenge to deal with the infertility issue, a serious and tragic gynecological problem encountered in developing countries. Laparoscopy is considered as the gold standard for assessment of tubal factors of infertility, although because of its invasive nature, cost and the need for anaesthesia and hospitalization, HSG seems to be a basic routine procedure for tubal factors. Hence, the present study was designed to compare the accuracy of HSG with SSG for evaluation of tubal factor infertility. Laparoscopy is considered as the gold standard for assessment of tubal factors of infertility, although because of its invasive nature, cost and the need for anaesthesia and hospitalization, HSG seems to be a basic routine procedure for tubal factors. Currently with the availability of the ultrasonography machines with very good resolution, SSG can be simultaneously practiced with ultrasonography during day 7-9 of the menstrual cycle to assess tubal patency. Hence, the present study was designed to compare the accuracy of HSG with laparoscopyfor evaluation of tubal factor infertility.Methods: The present prospective study on the diagnostic accuracy of hysterosalpingography (HSG) in the evaluation of infertility due to tubal patency has been conducted at Lala-Ded Hospital, Srinagar from September 2015 to February 2016. All the patients with infertility having regular menses, normal male partner with semen analysis and aging 20-30 years old have been included in the study. However, females who underwent HSG previously, case of unovulation despite clomiphene citrate, acute PID, salpingectomy, endometriosis, past history of oophorectomy and women beyond 35 years of age have been excluded in this study.Results: The average age of patients was observed as (26.7±4.81) years with majority of patients belonging to (25-29) year age group. We performed sensitivity analysis of HSG procedure by taking laparoscopic findings as gold standard; evidently, we found the sensitivity and specificity of HSG as 91.3% and 88.9% respectively. Interestingly, the diagnostic accuracy of HSG was observed as 89.7%.Conclusions: We found that HSG has satisfactory predictive value in identifying the factor of infertility. Laparoscopy is still a gold standard but if the purpose is attained with minimally invasive and cost-effective procedure having a good accuracy rate then over diagnosis should be avoided

Analysis of In Vitro Effects of Sex Steroids on Lymphocyte Responsiveness in Murrah Buffaloes (Bubalus bubalis)

Present study was carried out on forty four apparently healthy Murrah buffaloes of different age groups of both sexes to investigate the effects of sex steroids on cell mediated immunity in vitro. Estrogen inhibited proliferation in mitogen-stimulated lymphocytes from prepubertal but not post pubertal buffaloes of either sex. Estrogen at 100 pg/mL concentration stimulating the proliferation significantly (P < 0.05). in all groups and had higher stimulatory effect in lymphocytes from day 10 than day 0 of estrous cycle. Progesterone inhibited lymphocyte proliferation, and inhibition was directly related to the dose, in all groups of either sex. Testosterone did not inhibit proliferation at any dose level and did not show any consistent and lucid effects on lymphocyte proliferation. Present study revealed that buffalo lymphocytes produce appreciable amounts of NO in culture system after treatment with estradiol. Significantly high levels of NO in culture supernatant were found in prepubertal buffalo calves and least in post pubertal buffaloes, which had an inverse relation with lymphocyte proliferation in presence of estradiol. NO in culture supernatant was high at the lowest dose of progesterone which was proportional to the lymphocyte proliferation when treated with progesterone. No significant difference in NO culture supernatant was observed between different concentrations of testosterone treatment

Economics of Apple Cultivation “With Special Reference to South Kashmir- India”

Horticulture occupies very important position in the predominantly agricultural economy of western Himalaya, among all the fruits grown in the Kashmir, Apples are most widely planted and is commercially the most important fruit crop. In this background a close look at the economics of apple cultivation become highly relevant for study to determine the costs, the cultivation of apple crop in jammu and Kashmir shows particular interest for a number of reasons. In terms of both area and production, apple is very beneficial fruit crop. Apple is an extremely important source of nutritive diet, this provides a major source of income and employment also, It's production in Jammu and Kashmir and its marketing all over the country as well export promotion to other countries by several government initiated programs and policies e.g. price policy credit policy, supply of packing boxes, quality control etc. but their impact positive or negative, remains a topic of considerable controversy Key words: Economics, Apples, production, cost